Method of firing green structures containing organics

ABSTRACT

A method of forming an article involves forming a mixture of components powder materials, organic binder, solvent for the binder, non-solvent with respect to at least the binder, the solvent, and the powder materials, wherein the non-solvent is lower in viscosity than the binder combined with the solvent, mixing and plasticizing, and shaping to form a green structure. The green structure is dried and fired to impart strength and form the product article. The firing is done by heating to a first temperature of less than 200° C. at a heating rate of no greater than 1° C. per minute, heating from the first temperature to a second temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 2° C. per minute to 20° C. per minute, heating from the second temperature to a third temperature of above 300° C. to about 500° C. at a heating rate of no greater than 1° C. per minute, and heating from the third temperature to a fourth temperature of greater than about 500° C.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an improved method of firing green structures containing organics. More particularly, the firing method involves slow heating in the early part of the firing cycle to maximize evaporation of volatile organic phases, fast heating in the mid part of the firing cycle to minimize differential heating within the body, and finally slower heating later in the cycle to minimize violence of chemical reactions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Powder mixtures having a cellulose ether binder are used in forming articles of various shapes. For example ceramic powder mixtures are formed into honeycombs which are used as substrates in catalytic and adsorption applications. The mixtures must be well blended and homogeneous in order for the resulting body to have good integrity in size and shape and uniform physical properties. The mixtures have organic additives in addition to the binders. These additives can be surfactants, lubricants, and dispersants and function as processing aids to enhance wetting thereby producing a uniform batch.

A major and ongoing need in extrusion of bodies from highly filled powder mixtures, especially multicellular bodies such as honeycombs is to extrude a stiffer body without causing proportional increase in pressures. The need is becoming increasingly critical as thinner walled higher cell density cellular structures are becoming more in demand for various applications. Thin walled products with current technology are extremely difficult to handle without causing shape distortion.

Rapid-setting characteristics are important for honeycomb substrates. If the cell walls of the honeycomb can be solidified quickly after forming, the dimension of the greenware will not be altered in subsequent cutting and handling steps. This is especially true for a fragile thin-walled or complex shaped product, or a product having a large frontal area.

More recently, attempts to extrude stiffer ceramic batches with the current batch components, i.e. cellulose ether binder, involving use of various organic materials in the forming mixture have been successful. One drawback of using organic materials, however, is that they have to be removed from the shaped green structure during the firing cycle. This generally results in cracking of the body possibly due to pressure build up inside the structure and/or differential heat produced by combustion of the organics in the early stages of firing.

The growing need for thinner webs (1-2 mil)/high density cellular products to be extruded to shape necessitates stiffer batches; and certain organics in the batch contribute to stiffening of the green structures. Therefore, a method to avoid the cracking during organic removal is highly desirable and would be a significant advancement in the art.

The present invention provides such a method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of forming an article that involves forming a mixture of components powder materials, organic binder, solvent for the binder, non-solvent with respect to at least the binder, the solvent, and the powder materials, wherein the non-solvent is lower in viscosity than the binder combined with the solvent, mixing and plasticizing, and shaping to form a green structure. The green structure is dried and fired to impart strength and form the product article. The firing is done by heating to a first temperature of less than 200° C. at a heating rate of no greater than 1° C. per minute, heating from the first temperature to a second temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 2° C. per minute to 20° C. per minute, heating from the second temperature to a third temperature of above 300° C. to about 500° C. at a heating rate of no greater than 1° C. per minute, and heating from the third temperature to a fourth temperature of greater than about 500° C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of making articles by shaping plasticized powder mixtures containing binder, solvent for the binder, a component in which at least the binder is not soluble (non-solvent), followed by firing. It is suitable for plasticized mixtures containing organics such as hydrocarbons.

This invention relates to an improved firing schedule for green articles produced from highly filled mixtures having organics such as hydrocarbons of various volatilization temperatures.

By highly filled mixtures is meant a high solid to liquid content in the mixture. For example, the powder material content in the mixture is typically at least about 45% by volume, and most typically at least about 55% by volume.

The Powder Material

Typical powders are inorganics such as ceramic, glass ceramic, glass, molecular sieve, metal, or combinations of these.

The invention is especially suitable for use with ceramic, particularly with cordierite and/or mullite-forming raw material powders.

By ceramic, glass ceramic and glass ceramic powders is meant those materials as well as their pre-fired precursors. By combinations is meant physical or chemical combinations, e.g., mixtures or composites. Examples of these powder materials are cordierite, mullite, clay, talc, zircon, zirconia, spinel, aluminas and their precursors, silicas and their precursors, silicates, aluminates, lithium aluminosilicates, alumina silica, feldspar, titania, fused silica, nitrides, carbides, borides, e.g., silicon carbide, silicon nitride, soda lime, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, soda barium borosilicate or mixtures of these, as well as others.

Especially suited are ceramic materials, such as those that yield cordierite, mullite, or mixtures of these on firing, some examples of such mixtures being about 2% to about 60% mullite, and about 30% to about 97% cordierite, with allowance for other phases, typically up to about 10% by weight. Some ceramic batch material compositions for forming cordierite that are especially suited to the practice of the present invention are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,885,977 which is herein incorporated by reference as filed.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, one composition which ultimately forms cordierite upon firing is as follows in percent by weight, although it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to such: about 33 to about 41, and most preferably about 34 to about 40 of aluminum oxide, about 46 to about 53 and most preferably about 48 to about 52 of silica, and about 11 to about 17 and most preferably about 12 to about 16 magnesium oxide.

The powders can be synthetically produced materials such as oxides, hydroxides, etc., or they can be naturally occurring minerals such as clays, talcs, or any combination of these. The invention is not limited to the types of powders or raw materials. These can be chosen depending on the properties desired in the body.

Some typical kinds of powder materials are given below. The particle size is given as median particle diameter by Sedigraph analysis, and the surface area is given as N₂ BET surface area.

Some types of clay are non-delaminated kaolinite raw clay, such as Hydrite MP™ clay, or Hydrite PX™ clay, delaminated kaolinite, such as KAOPAQUE-10™ (K10) clay, and calcined clay, such as Glomax LL. All of the above named materials are sold by Dry Branch Kaolin, Dry Branch, Georgia.

Some typical kinds of talc are those having a surface area of about 5-8 m²/g, such as supplied by Barretts Minerals, under the designation MB 96-67.

Some typical aluminas are coarse aluminas, for example, Alcan C-700 series, such as C-701™, or fine aluminas such as A-16SG from Alcoa.

One typical kind of silica is that having a particle size of about 9-11 micrometers, and a surface area of about 4-6 m²/g, such as IMSIL™ sold by Unimin Corporation.

In filter applications, such as in diesel particulate filters, it is customary to include a burnout agent in the mixture in an amount effective to subsequently obtain the porosity required for efficient filtering. A burnout agent is any particulate substance (not a binder) that burns out of the green body in the firing step. Some types of burnout agents that can be used, although it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these, are non-waxy organics that are solid at room temperature, elemental carbon, and combinations of these. Some examples are graphite, cellulose, flour, etc. Elemental particulate carbon is preferred. Graphite is especially preferred because it has the least adverse effect on the processing. In an extrusion process, for example, the rheology of the mixture is good when graphite is used. Typically, the amount of graphite is about 10% to about 30%, and more typically about 15% to about 30% by weight based on the powder material.

Molecular sieves can also be shaped into bodies in accordance with this invention. Molecular sieves are crystalline substances having pores of size suitable for adsorbing molecules. The molecular sieve can be in the crystallized form or in the ammonium form or hydrogen form, or ion-exchanged with or impregnated with a cation. The molecular sieves can be provided in ion exchanged form or impregnated with cations either before forming into a body or after the product body has formed. The ion-exchange and impregnation methods are well known processes. Such treatments are within the scope of this invention.

Some types of molecular sieves which are preferred for the practice of the present invention are zeolites, metallophosphates, silicoaluminophosphates, and combinations of these.

The molecular sieves that are especially suited to the invention are the zeolites. Some suitable zeolites are pentasil, such as ZSM-5, Y, such as ultrastable Y, beta, mordenite, X, such as 13X, or mixtures thereof.

Any sinterable metal or metal composition can be used in the practice of the present invention. Especially suited are iron group metal, chromium, and aluminum compositions, with the preferred iron group metal being iron. Especially preferred is Fe, Al, and Cr. For example, Fe5-20Al5-40Cr, and Fe7-10Al10-20Cr powders with other possible additions are especially suited. Some typical compositions of metal powders are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,992,233, 4,758,272, and 5,427,601 which are herein incorporated by reference as filed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,233 relates to methods of producing porous sintered bodies made from metal powder compositions of Fe and Al with optional additions of Sn, Cu, and Cr. U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,601 relates to porous sintered bodies having a composition consisting essentially of in percent by weight about 5 to about 40 chromium, about 2 to about 30 aluminum, 0 to about 5 of special metal, 0 to about 4 of rare earth oxide additive and the balance being iron group metal, and unavoidable impurities such as eg., Mn or Mo, with the preferred iron group metal being iron. When rare earth oxide is present, the special metal is at least one of Y, lanthanides, Zr, Hf, Ti, Si, alkaline earth metal, B, Cu, and Sn. When no rare earth oxide is present, the special metal is at least one of Y, lanthanides, Zr, Hf, Ti, Si, and B, with optional additions of alkaline earths, Cu, and Sn.

In general, the powder material is fine powder (in contrast to coarse grained materials) some components of which can either impart plasticity, such as clays, when mixed with water for example, or which when combined with the organic binder can contribute to plasticity.

The weight percents of the various components are calculated by the following formula: $\frac{\text{weight of component}}{\text{total weight of inorganic powders in the batch}} \times 100$

The Binder

The function of the binder is to bind the inorganic powders and impart plasticity to the batch when mixed with a solvent. The preferred binders used in this invention are aqueous based, that is, capable of hydrogen bonding with polar solvents. Examples of binders are cellulosics, starches, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), gums such as guar gum, xanthan gum, carageenan, etc., alginates, polyethylene oxides, polyamides, and/or polyacrylates. A combination of binder and cross-linking agent can also be used as a binder component (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol with borax, polyacrylates with poly(vinyl alcohol). Hydrophobically modified aqueous binders can also be used.

Especially useful in the practice of this invention are cellulose ether binders for aqueous systems.

Some typical cellulose ether binders according to the present invention are methylcellulose, ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, hydroxybutylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof. Methylcellulose and/or methylcellulose derivatives are especially suited as organic binders in the practice of the present invention with methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or combinations of these being preferred. Cellulose ethers that provide especially good hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance are hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, a combination of hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl cellulose.

The organic binder makes up typically about 2-12% by weight, and more typically about 2-4% by weight of the mixture.

The Solvent

The solvent provides a medium for the binder to dissolve in thus providing plasticity to the batch and wetting of the powders. The solvent can be aqueous based, which are normally water or water-miscible solvents; or organically based. Most useful are aqueous based solvents which provide hydration of the binder and powder particles.

The Non-solvent

The non-solvent is not a solvent relative for at least the binder, the solvent, and the powder materials. Partial solubility of cellulose ether binders in the non-solvent would result in increase of viscosity of the non-solvent, and loss of lubricating properties needed to shape a stiff batch. This would result in an increase in shaping pressures and torques. The function of the non-solvent is to provide the fluidity necessary for shaping, while maintaining the strength of the binder in the solvent. The non-solvent can have dissolved surfactants, secondary binders, lubricants, and additives that enhance the rheological performance. The amount of dissolved substances should be so as to not to adversely impact the rheology of the mixture.

In case of an aqueous binder system, the non-solvent is hydrophobic relative to binder in the solvent e.g. water. One preferred binder-solvent combination is cellulose ether in water. In this combination, the non-solvent hydrophobically associates through the methyoxy substituent of the binder. This combination is especially advantageous for cordierite and/or mullite-forming raw material powders.

With aqueous-based binder solvents, such as water, non- solvents can be chosen from both synthetic and natural substances.

According to this invention, the preferred non-solvents include but are not limited to paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and/or polymers, with C₁₇ to C₃₅ paraffins, and/or C₂₀ to C₃₀ para alpha olefins being especially preferred. However, a number of other non-solvents can be used such as hydrocarbons other than what is listed above, silicones, fluorine compounds, phosphate esters, esters, liquid CO₂, supercritical fluids e.g. supercritical CO₂, and hot water at a temperature above the thermal gelation temperature for a given cellulose ether, and combinations of these. When hot water is used as a non-solvent, it is in combination with at least one other non-solvent component.

Examples of other useful hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloaliphatics, synthetic lubricant base stocks (industrial, automotive, agricultural), polyolefins, among others. Examples of these types of materials are paraffinic oils, e.g. various mineral oils, hydrogenated polybutenes, alpha olefins, internal olefins, polyphenyl ethers, polybutenes, and polyisobutylene.

Examples of esters are synthetic mono and diesters, and natural fatty acid esters (glycerides). Examples of mono and diesters are adipates, phthalates, polyol esters such as trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol. Examples of fatty acid esters are natural plant and animal glycerides such as soybean oil, sunflower, palm, corn, coconut, cottonseed, castor oil, peanut oil, essential oils (rose, jasmine, orange, lime, etc.) soya fatty acid, tallow, bacon grease, lard, and fish oil.

Non-solvents can also be solids as long as they are processed at or above the melting point of the solid. For example, fatty acids and fatty alcohols of carbon chain length greater than 22 can be used alone or in combination with other non-solvent components.

Natural esters having 14 or more carbon atoms in their chains, and/or synthetic esters are also very suitable, as are fatty acid glycerides, monoesters, diesters, and combinations of these.

High molecular weight polybutenes, polyol esters, a blend of light mineral oil and wax emulsion, a blend of paraffin wax in corn oil and combinations of these are also suitable.

The solvent for the binder can also be made to function as a partial non-solvent and a partial solvent for the binder through use of additives in the batch. For example, in the case of aqueous based solvents such as water and a cellulose ether binder, additives that have greater affinity for water than for the cellulose ether binder, dehydrate the cellulose ether. The additives can be used to shift the solvent-non-solvent character of the water. The extent of dehydration is dependent on the additive concentration. The solvent/non-solvent balance of water can be adjusted with the type and concentration of additives such as glycerin, corn syrup, maple syrup, sucrose, sorbitol, and electrolytes such as the salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals.

The Surfactant

The surfactant, if present, plays an important role in determining the interfacial properties between the inorganic powders, between the inorganics and organics, and between the components of the organic system. The surfactant has the greatest influence in determining the gel strength of the binder, adhesion of the binder gel to the inorganics, and adhesion of the non-solvent to the binder. It promotes emulsification between the solvent and non-solvent. The preferred surfactants co-exist with the binder at the interface between the solvent and non-solvent. In the formed mixture, the surfactant is at least partially miscible in both the solvent and the non-solvent. It disperses/wets the inorganic powders.

Typically, the surfactant is suitable if, by itself without other substances, it is insoluble in the solvent at room temperature.

Some surfactants that can be used in the practice of the present invention are C₈ to C₂₂ fatty acids and/or their derivatives. Additional surfactant components that can be used with these fatty acids are C₈ to C₂₂ fatty esters, C₈ to C₂₂ fatty alcohols, and combinations of these. Preferred surfactants are stearic, lauric, oleic, linoleic, palmitoleic acids, and their derivatives, stearic acid in combination with ammonium lauryl sulfate, and combinations of all of these. Most preferred surfactants are lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and combinations of these. An especially preferred non-solvent for use with this latter group of surfactants is light mineral oil (C₁₇-C₃₅).

The Oxidation-retarding Agent or Antioxidant

The primary function of the oxidation-retarding agent is to delay the onset of oxidation of organics (e.g. the binders, surfactants and non-solvents referred to above) during the firing cycle. The antioxidants act as a temporary hindrance to the oxidation of organics during firing of the ceramic green bodies. They can be removed during the later period of the firing cycle, or some element in them can remain in the body as long as they do not impose adverse effects on properties, such as thermal expansion and strength, on the fired body. By delaying the onset of exothermic oxidation reaction, various organic compounds, especially the non-solvents are allowed to either evaporate (endothermic) or thermally decompose (also endothermic). Net heat production caused by oxidation is significantly reduced, that would otherwise cause larger temperature gradients and cracking of the parts.

Various approaches to ant:ioxidation are related to delaying the initiation and controlling the formation of peroxides, one of main oxidation products of organics at the early stage of firing. The exact functions of various antioxidants depend on their structures and types.

Some antioxidants that can be used are free-radical trappers, peroxide decomposers, and/or metal deactivators

Advantageously, the antioxidants are hindered phenols, secondary amines, organosulfur compounds, trivalent phosphorus compounds, selenium compounds, and/or aryl derivatives of tin.

More advantageously, the antioxidants are triphenylmethylmercaptan, 2-Mercaptobenzothiozole, 2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-methylphenyl, 2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl, butylated octylated phenol, butylated di(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, and/or 1:11 (3,6,9-trioxaudecyl)bis-(dodecylthio)propionate.

The most preferred antioxidants are butylated octylated phenol, and a combination of butylated octylated phenol and 1:11 (3,6,9-trioxaudecyl)bis-(dodecylthio)propionate.

Hindered phenols and aromatic amines act as radical scavengers. Radical-scavenging antioxidants (also called radical trappers) act by donating a hydrogen atom to the peroxy radical, ROO,. This breaks the self-propagating chain and forms A,, a stable radical:

ROO,+AH→ROOH+A,

ROO,+A,→inert products

2A,→inert products

Some suitable hindered phenols and aromatic amines are monophenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-sec-butylphenol; biphenols such as 4,4′-methylene bis (2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol); 4,4′-Thiobis-(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol, and thiodiethylene bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy)hydrocinnamate; polyphenols such as tetrakis(methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxydrocinnamate)methane, and aromatic amines such as N-phenyl-I-naphthylamine, p-oriented styrenated diphenylamine, octylated diphenylamines; alkylated p-phenylenediamines, and N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine.

Organic sulfur and phosphorus compounds act as peroxide decomposers generally according to the following generic mechanism:

RSR+R′OOH→RS(O)R+R′OH

RSSR+R′OOH→RS(O)SR+R′OH

Divalent and tetravalent sulfur such as organic sulfides and disulfides are generally more effective than hexavalent compounds. Elementary sulfur is an effective oxidant inhibitor. Sulfurized esters, terpenes, resins, and polybutenes; dialkyl sulfides, polysulfides, diaryl sulfides, thiols, mercaptobenzimidazoles, thiophenes, xanthogenates, thioaldehydes, and others can also be utilized as oxidation inhibitors as well.

Selenium compounds such as dilauryl selenides have also shown good performance as oxidation inhibitors, even better than the corresponding sulfides in the sense that they do not produce unwanted acidic products.

Metal salts of dithiocarbonic and thiophosphoric acids can be used. One example of the latter is zinc dialkyldithiophosphate Zn(PROR′OS₂)₂. Some R and R′ groups that can be utilized (respectively) in zinc dialkyldithiophosphates are C₃-C₁₀ primary and secondary alkyl groups.

Some suitable organotin compounds are aryl derivatives of tin, and dibutyltin laurate.

The various classes of antioxidants can be used together to create a synergistic effect. For example, best results in delaying the onset of oxidation reaction are achieved with addition of phenols as main components and a small amount of organosulfur compounds as promotor. The antioxidants in a synergistic system function by different mechanisms so that their combined effect is greater than their sum.

It is preferred that the oxidation-retarding agent should be in a liquid form, usually a viscous liquid. The benefits of using liquid antioxidants are three fold, in addition to their normal role as antioxidants. First, it allows a reduction of total organic non-solvent amount, while still maintaining the lubricity, stiffness and green strength characteristics of the green extrudates. This subsequently brings about a reduction of total heat generated by oxidation due to the reduction of the hydrocarbons entering the kiln. Second, it allows a reduction of water content (used as a solvent for the binder). This in turn produces a stiffer and stronger batch as is described in the previous sections. Third, liquid antioxidants can be easily mixed with the oils (non-solvents) that are used to achieve the desired stiffness for the batch.

Some especially useful antioxidants are phenolic compounds under the name of butylated octylated phenol and butylated di(dimethylbenzyl) phenol, an organosulfur compound under the mane of 1:11(3,6,9-trioxaudecyo)bis-dodecylthio)propionate, all manufactured by Goodyear. Butylated oxylated phenols have an average molecular weight of 260-374, butylated di(dimethylbenzyl) phenol has an average molecular weight of 386, and 1:11 (3,6,9-trioxaudecyl(bis-dodecylthio)propionate has an average molecular weight of 884-706.

The amount of oxidation-retarding agent used in practice is limited only to what is required. However the usual effective level of oxidation-retarding agents is about 0.1-5 wt. %, with levels of 0.5-3 wt. % being preferred.

Some useful mixture compositions are in percent by weight based on the inorganic powder materials, about 1% to 5% and preferably 2% to 3% binder, about 3% to 15% and preferably 5% to 10% non-solvent, 0 to about 3% and preferably about 0.5% to 1.0% surfactant, about 0.5% to 5% and preferably 0.5% to 1.5% oxidation-retarding agent, and about 15% to 30%, and preferably 20% to 25% water.

One especially preferred mixture based on the above composition contains about 0.7% to 1.3% butylated octylated phenol and about 0.1% to 0.3% 1:11 (3,6,9-trioxaudecyl)bis-(dodecylthio)propionate.

Batch-Forming Mechanics and Shaping

For best results, the sequence of addition of the various batch components is important. It is preferred that batch formation takes place in two stages prior to the shaping step.

In the first stage or wetting stage of batch formation, the powder particles, surfactant, binder and powdered antioxidants are dry mixed followed by addition of the solvent such as in a Littleford mixer. The solvent is added in an amount that is less than is needed to plasticize the batch. With water as the solvent, the water hydrates the binder and the powder particles. The non-solvent is then added to the mix to wet out the binder and powder particles. If liquid antioxidant is used, (it is preferred that the antioxidant mixes well with the non-solvent) it is added at this point. The non-solvent and/or antioxidant typically has lower surface tension than water. As a result, it wets out the particles much more readily than the solvent. At this stage, the powder particles are coated and dispersed by the surfactant, solvent, and non-solvent.

It is preferred that plasticization take place in the second stage. In this stage the wet mix from the first stage is sheared in any suitable mixer in which the batch will be plasticized, such as for example in a twin-screw extruder/mixer, auger mixer, mullet mixer, or double arm, etc. During plasticization, the binder dissolves in the solvent and a gel is formed. The gel that is formed is stiff because the system is very solvent-deficient. The surfactant enables the binder-gel to adhere to the powder particles. The non-solvent partially migrates to the exterior of the particle agglomerates (inter-particle region) and to the interface between the batch and the walls of the vessel containing it, e.g. mixer, or extruder, or die wall. This results in a batch that is stiff in its interior and lubricated on its exterior.

The resulting stiff batch is then shaped into a green body by any known method for shaping plasticized mixtures, such as e.g. extrusion, injection molding, slip casting, centrifugal casting, pressure casting, dry pressing, etc. The invention is best suited for extrusion through a die.

The extrusion operation can be done using a hydraulic ram extrusion press, or a two stage de-airing single auger extruder, or a twin screw mixer with a die assembly attached to the discharge end. In the latter, the proper screw elements are chosen according to material and other process conditions in order to build up sufficient pressure to force the batch material through the die. The extrusion can be vertical or horizontal.

The bodies of this invention can have any convenient size and shape and the invention is applicable to all processes in which plastic powder mixtures are shaped. The process is especially suited to production of cellular monolith bodies such as honeycombs. Cellular bodies find use in a number of applications such as catalytic, adsorption, electrically heated catalysts, filters such as diesel particulate filters, molten metal filters, regenerator cores, etc.

Generally honeycomb densities range from about 235 cells/cm² (1500 cells/in²) to about 15 cells/cm² (100 cells/in²). Examples of honeycombs produced by the process of the present invention, although it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to such, are those having about 94 cells/cm2 (about 600 cells/in²), or about 62 cells/cm² (about 400 cells/in²) each having wall thicknesses of about 0.1 mm (4 mils). Typical wall thicknesses are from about 0.07 to about 0.6 mm (about 3 to about 25 mils), although thicknesses of about 0.02-0.048 mm (1-2 mils) are possible with better equipment. The method is especially suited for extruding thin wall/high cell density honeycombs.

The extrudates are then dried and fired.

The Firing Conditions

Oils and cellulose ether binders are typically removed from ceramic structures in the temperature region of about 100-500° C.

The major obstacle in using mixtures with organics is that the articles crack when fired, particularly in large articles. The cracking is a result of internal stresses developed during the removal of a large amount of organic, e.g. oil, in the early stage of firing. The firing method of the present invention reduces or eliminates the cracks by controlling the heating rate at the lower temperature range, i.e. <500° C. of the firing cycle.

The removal of organics from the articles in the firing process is a complex process of phase change and chemical reactions between the organic compounds and the gas phase. The removal of organics can be characterized by three simultaneous pathways in order of increasing activation energy: evaporation, oxidative degradation, and thermal decomposition. While these pathways are simultaneous and competing processes, each path dominates at different temperature ranges. The direct result of these processes is the rapid temperature and volume change which causes large skin to core thermal and pressure gradients. Consequently the fired articles experience large thermal stress and drastic dimensional change during firing.

Thermal gravimetric results indicate that at lower temperatures (<200° C.) , evaporation of smaller organic molecules is the major way for the organics to escape.

At modest temperatures of 200-300° C., oxidation is dominant because of its modest activation energy. Oxidative degradation processes are undesirable due to their strong exothermic character that makes them largely responsible for thermal stress development in the articles. Increasing the heating rate in the temperature range of about 200-300° C. has been found to be effective in retarding the oxidation reactions allowing shorter residence time for oxidation to occur. Thermal analyses, TGA/DTA measurements, on articles having various organic components show more than about 80-90% reduction in the exotherm has been achieved by a heating rate of 5° C./min. to 20° C./min in this temperature range. If the heating is too fast, another type of differential heating can occur i.e. the skin temperature of the article is higher than the core temperature. Therefore a proper balance between heat transfer and rate and the rate of chemical heat generation is essential for the success of this approach. In honeycombs, the heat transfer efficiency is a function of the size of the honeycombs, the cell density, and wall thickness. Therefore the best heating rate in the oxidation temperature dominant region depends on the geometry of the structures.

At temperatures higher than 300° C., thermal cracking of heavier organics (not to be confused with physical cracking in the structure) becomes so fast that it dominates the process. Thermal cracking of organics is an endothermic process, i.e. heat is needed from an outside source in order for the thermal cracking to take place. Thus, a slow heating rate is preferred here for efficient heat transfer.

At greater than about 500° C. to about 1300° C., in compositions which are primarily for forming cordierite, the temperatures are typically from about 1300° C. to about 1450° C., and the holding times at these temperatures are from about 1 hour to about 6 hours. For mixtures that are primarily for forming mullite, the temperatures are from about 1400° C. to about 1600° C., and the holding times at these temperatures are from about 1 hour to about 6 hours. For cordierite-mullite forming mixtures which yield the previously described cordierite-mullite compositions, the temperatures are from about 1375° C. to about 1425° C. Firing times depend on factors such as kinds and amounts of materials and nature of equipment but typical total firing times are from about 20-80 hours. For metal bodies, the temperatures are about 1000-1400° C. in a reducing atmosphere, preferably hydrogen. Firing times depend on factors as discussed above but are typically at least about 2 hours, and more typically about 4 hours. For zeolite bodies, the temperatures are about 400-1000° C. in air. Firing times depend on factors as discussed about but are typically about 4 hours.

In summary, this invention relates to a method of firing the green extrudates to minimize or reduce cracking, controlling the firing rate at various points in the firing process, generally as follows:

Slow heating at temperatures less than about 200° C. to maximize evaporation of the volatile organics. Heating rates are no greater than about 1° C. per minute.

At the temperature range of about 200-300° C., heating as fast as possible within the limit of heat transfer restraint, that is, without causing skin to core differential heating by heat transfer limitation. Heating rates are about 2° C. per minute to 20° C. per minute, and more typically about 5° C. per minute to 20° C. per minute, depending on the mass and shape of the article.

Slow heating again at temperatures of above about 300° C. to about 500° C. to minimize violence of the chemical process. Heating rates are no greater than about 1° C. per minute.

Finally the structures are heated to a temperature greater than about 500° C. as previously described.

To more fully illustrate the invention, the following non-limiting examples are presented. All parts, portions, and percentages are on a weight basis unless otherwise stated.

EXAMPLE

Two compositions were shaped into green articles which were then fired with various heating rates. The compositions are given below in Table 1. The amounts of oil, water, and methylcellulose used are weight percent based on total inorganic materials.

TABLE 1 Compositions of the samples shown in the examples. Component Example 1 Example 2 Talc 40.79 40.79 clay (Glomax LL) 27.00 27.00 clay (Kaopaque-10) 14.82 14.82 silica (Imsil) 2.00 2.00 Water 24.5 24.5 Light mineral oil 9.2 9.2 Antioxidant 0 1.8 Methylcellulose 2.7 2.7 Stearic acid 0.6 0.6

Procedure of Sample Preparation

The inorganic powders (about 237 g for each batch) are ground and homogenized, and blended together. The stearic acid surfactant and methylcellulose were then added followed by addition of water and mixing. The amount of water used was about 24.5%. The light mineral oil is then mixed in. The oil used in these samples was a light mineral oil having a major portion of the molecules in the range of C₁₇ to C₃₅. In the case of example 2 where antioxidant (butylated octylated phenol) was used, the antioxidant liquid was mixed into the light mineral oil before adding to the batch.

The mixture was then introduced into a torque rheometer (Brabender) for about 4 minutes. The torque experienced was recorded as time elapsed. Peak torque is typically observed at about 1 minute. After 4 minutes elapsed, the material was taken out of the Brabender and cut into small pieces for uniform compaction and air removal in an instrument called an Instrum. These pieces were then compacted for about 5 minutes in an Instrom after peak compaction pressure was observed. Five rods and one ribbon were then extruded, and rod and ribbon final pressure were measured. TGA/DTA analyses were then performed.

Effect of Heating Rate

The TGA/DTA measurements were performed while the sample was heated up from 25 to 800° C. at heating rate of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50° C./min.

The data presented beLow show some general effect of heating rate on reaction heat generated. The exact amount of heat reduction is tabulates in Table 2.

TABLE 2 The effect of firing heating rates on reaction exotherm as measured by DTA in example 1 and 2. Exotherm Exotherm (μv.s/mg) (μv.s/mg) Heating Rate (° C./min) in Example 1 in Example 2  1 3167  2895   5 827 536 10 906 509 20 733 511 50 501 300

Results show that heat generation in the firing process is reduced by increasing the h eating rate, regardless of the presence of antioxidants. Heat of oxidation is reduced by about 84% in example 1 and 90% in example 2 when heating rate i ncreased from 1 to 50° C./min. Most of the reduction was done when the heating rate was increased from 1 to 5° C./min (74% in example 1 and 82% in example 2). From a practical standpoint, a heating rate of 5° C./min±3° C. is especially advantageous because it affords more uniform heating than the faster rates.

It should be understood that while the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain illustrative and specific embodiments thereof, it should not be considered limited to such but may be used in other ways without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for forming an article, the method comprising: a) forming a mixture of components comprising powder materials, organic binder, solvent for the binder, non-solvent with respect to at least the binder, the solvent, and the powder materials, wherein the non-solvent is lower in viscosity than the binder combined with the solvent; b) mixing and plasticizing said components to form a plasticized mixture; and c) shaping the plasticized mixture to form a green structure; and d) firing the green structure to impart strength thereto and form the product article, wherein the firing comprises the steps of (i) heating the green structure to a first temperature range of less than about 200° C. at a heating rate of no greater than about 1° C. per minute, (ii) heating the green structure from the first temperature to a second temperature of about 200° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of about 2° C. per minute to 20° C. per minute, (iii) heating the green structure from the second temperature to a third temperature of above about 300° C. to about 500° C. at a heating rate of no greater than about 1° C. per minute, and thereafter, (iv) heating the green structure from the third temperature to a fourth temperature of greater than about 500° C.
 2. A method of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises cordierite-forming raw materials and light mineral oil.
 3. A method of claim 1 wherein the shaping is done by extrusion.
 4. A method of claim 3 wherein the mixture is extruded into a honeycomb structure. 